ugandan culture: A snapshot into the country's way of life
poverty: a factor that shapes and is a significant part of ugandan culture
another glimpse into ugandan life & society: important statistics of uganda (provided by gapminder unless otherwise noted)
Country Statistics According to CIA Factbok
Population/People and Society: Life expentancy: 53.45 years
Health/People and Society: 6.5% with HIV/AIDS; 1.2 million living with it
Health/People and Society: Children underweight: 16.4% (2006)
Education/People and Society: "School life expectancy": 11 years
Health/People and Society: "Degree of risk for major diseases": very high (hepatitis A, typhoid fever, malaria, etc.)
Health/People and Society: 0.117 physicians/1,000 population; .39 hospital beds/1,000 population
Population/People and Society: Life expentancy: 53.45 years
Health/People and Society: 6.5% with HIV/AIDS; 1.2 million living with it
Health/People and Society: Children underweight: 16.4% (2006)
Education/People and Society: "School life expectancy": 11 years
Health/People and Society: "Degree of risk for major diseases": very high (hepatitis A, typhoid fever, malaria, etc.)
Health/People and Society: 0.117 physicians/1,000 population; .39 hospital beds/1,000 population
1) 76% OF PEOPLE IN UGANDA ARE IN POVERTY AS OF 2006, LIVING UNDER $2 A DAY, UP FROM 86% in 1989
Uganda places very high on the percentage of their population in poverty (living on under $2 a day)-around 75% of their population are in this state. Even though it has improved from 86% in 1989, it is still a sobering and unacceptable number. They are close to some of the worst statistics in poverty. It is a country filled with need and crying for hope.
(Gapminder)
2) UGANDA ONLY RANKS .3952 ON THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX, LEAVING IT HOPELESSLY BEHIND NATIONS SUCH AS THE US AND CHINA, WHICH ARE BOTH CLOSE TO 1. (2004)
3) 70% OF UGANDAN ADULTS ARE LITERATE AS OF 2004, UP FROM 61% IN 1991
4) $1.02 PER LITER FOR GAS, MOST OTHER ENERGY STATISTICS AREN'T AVAILABLE FOR UGANDA
5) ENVIRONMENT- 66% OF LAND IN UGANDA IS USED FOR AGRICULTURE, MARKING AGRICULTURE AS A LARGE PART OF MANY LIVELIHOODS IN 2004. THIS IS UP FROM 45% IN 1961.
6) A HIV PERCENTAGE THAT USED TO BE .01% HAS GROWN TO BE ONE OF THE WORLD'S HIGHEST HIV PERCENTAGES IN THE WORLD, WITH 1,000,000 MILLION OF ITS POPULATION DISEASED.
There are 1 million people living with HIV in Uganda. Especially startling is that the numbers have jumped from .01% in 1979 to 6.4% in 2004. This is another sobering number that speaks of the depths of suffering that many have gone through in the country. Not only is this number high, but it is one of the highest in the world, especially in the ratio to the population as a whole. (Gapminder).
7) ONLY 32% "IMPROVED SANITATION ACCESS" IN THE COUNTRY, BUT 63% "IMPROVED WATER SOURCE ACCESS" (43% IN 1990) (Gapminder, 2008).
8) THE MEDIAN AGE IS 15, SETTING THE COUNTRY APART AS ONE OF THE YOUNGEST IN THE WORLD
9) ONE OF THE HIGHEST EMPLOYMENT RATES IN THE WORLD AS OF 2004 AT 83%
Although there are some very sobering statistics, there are also some that communicate that things may get better. The employment rate in Uganda is at 83%, one of the highest in the world. Hopefully, by God's grace, this gives them some of the help they need to give aid to those within their borders who are hurting and in need. (Gapminder)
Unfortunately, from these statistics provided by Gapminder, Uganda can be characterized by poverty, disease, and need. Some of these sections speak of suffering and despair, but other communicate hope that this country is starting to improve. The percentage of poverty lying at 76%, people in Uganda are dreadfully poor. Added to this sobering fact is the number of HIV victims in Uganda-1,000,000 million. Poverty coupled with disease is sure to bring suffering and despair for those living in Uganda. In addition, although water sources are more available, sanitation is still very low. In statistics on Gapminder, very little information can be found on Uganda, suggesting that little energy or electricity is used or produced. One of the only statistics available was the price of gasoline. All of this leaves Uganda around .4 on the Human Development Index. However, some of these statistics communicate that things can and are getting better. Literacy rates for adults in the country are high at 76%, though still behind other countries. Further, Uganda has one of the highest employment rates in the world. Included in this area is the fact that more of Uganda's land is being utilized for agriculture-61%, improved from 45% in 1961. Most promising, the poverty levels have decreased from moving from 86% to 76%. Hopefully, by God's grace, the levels will continue to drop and Uganda will continue up the charts in development and improvement. With a significant amount of the population reading and working, the numerous young in the country will hopefully work to bring the increased change that Uganda needs so desperately.
Status of Women in uganda
It is vitally important in any country for women to be respected and to have be in full possession of the rights which God has given each and every one of us as human beings. Although men and women each have their strengths and weaknesses (men are better leaders and women, more nurturing), I absolutely do not advocate any sort of violence or lack of freedoms/rights against women. Uganda is a country that is desparately behind the rest of the world in these areas. The status of women in Uganda needs much improvement. According to fidh, many women experience violence, abuse, and more. However, the situation is not without hope. According to the National Women Council, “the last 15 years have shown progress in improving the social and economic status of women.” This time will serve as a report on Uganda women's current status-how they’re behind or improving-in a few important areas including women safety (violence and abuse levels), education (which largely affects women's future), and political involvement.
Women’s safety in Uganda is among the worst in the world according to figure 1 (below) (Hudson, Caprioli, Emmett, McDermott, Stearmer & Ballif-Spanvill, 2010). Although the government has taken steps to ensure the rights and safety of women are kept, fidh suggests that there "are gaps between policy and practice.” As such, there are still many problems prevalent. Many women are in family situations in which violence against women abounds. According to fidh, "violence against women in Uganda remains widespread” ("fidh," 2012). Any instance of taking advantage of or being violent toward women is inexcusable. The government is aware of the situation and has passed two laws, among them The Domestic Violence Act (fidh, 2012). However, this kind of violence still occurs in Uganda. According to fidh, other issues that still need addressed and are negative and dangerous for women include “early and forced marriage, abduction of girls, ‘widow inheritance,’ and ‘wife sharing.’” ("fidh," 2012). Another threat to women’s safety is disease. The Foundation for Sustainable Development has recorded that HIV is more prevalent among women than men. This is a result of the fact that women are many times exploited and violated against their will at a very young age, leading to HIV spread among them (FSD: Foundation for Sustainable Development). These different dangers leave girls in sad states. Overall, Uganda very desperately needs improvement in the area. Figure 2 shows how Uganda is among the worst countries in the world for women’s safety (Hudson, Caprioli, Emmett, McDermott, Stearmer & Ballif-Spanvill, 2010).
Figure 1. (Hudson, Caprioli, Emmett, McDermott, Stearmer & Ballif-Spanvill, 2010)
Women’s safety in Uganda is among the worst in the world according to figure 1 (below) (Hudson, Caprioli, Emmett, McDermott, Stearmer & Ballif-Spanvill, 2010). Although the government has taken steps to ensure the rights and safety of women are kept, fidh suggests that there "are gaps between policy and practice.” As such, there are still many problems prevalent. Many women are in family situations in which violence against women abounds. According to fidh, "violence against women in Uganda remains widespread” ("fidh," 2012). Any instance of taking advantage of or being violent toward women is inexcusable. The government is aware of the situation and has passed two laws, among them The Domestic Violence Act (fidh, 2012). However, this kind of violence still occurs in Uganda. According to fidh, other issues that still need addressed and are negative and dangerous for women include “early and forced marriage, abduction of girls, ‘widow inheritance,’ and ‘wife sharing.’” ("fidh," 2012). Another threat to women’s safety is disease. The Foundation for Sustainable Development has recorded that HIV is more prevalent among women than men. This is a result of the fact that women are many times exploited and violated against their will at a very young age, leading to HIV spread among them (FSD: Foundation for Sustainable Development). These different dangers leave girls in sad states. Overall, Uganda very desperately needs improvement in the area. Figure 2 shows how Uganda is among the worst countries in the world for women’s safety (Hudson, Caprioli, Emmett, McDermott, Stearmer & Ballif-Spanvill, 2010).
Figure 1. (Hudson, Caprioli, Emmett, McDermott, Stearmer & Ballif-Spanvill, 2010)
This negatively affects women’s status the most. The need for change is severe.
Compared to other countries, Uganda is behind in educating girls as well. However, they are making improvements in both areas according to the National Women’s Council, and they are not as behind in this area as women’s safety as can be seen by comparing figure 1 to figure 2. In the area of education, there is some notable difference between the level of education for girls and boys in Uganda as figure 2 shows below (Hudson, Caprioli, Emmett, McDermott, Stearmer & Ballif-Spanvill, 2010). Hindrances to girls’ education include “negative attitudes” toward education for girls and a lack of the appropriate institutions and supplies (United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative). Even so, they are improving. Programs such as the United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative Partnership Forum (as their website shows) are working to ensure that girls are being educated as well as boys. Figure 3 shows that there is still a difference between girls' and boys' education, but according to the site, “Uganda continues to makes significant strides towards achieving universal primary education, and the national policy now provides free education for all children" (United Nations Girls' Education Initiative Partnership Forum). They will hopefully continue to improve.
Figure 2. (Hudson, Caprioli, Emmett, McDermott, Stearmer & Ballif-Spanvill, 2010)
Compared to other countries, Uganda is behind in educating girls as well. However, they are making improvements in both areas according to the National Women’s Council, and they are not as behind in this area as women’s safety as can be seen by comparing figure 1 to figure 2. In the area of education, there is some notable difference between the level of education for girls and boys in Uganda as figure 2 shows below (Hudson, Caprioli, Emmett, McDermott, Stearmer & Ballif-Spanvill, 2010). Hindrances to girls’ education include “negative attitudes” toward education for girls and a lack of the appropriate institutions and supplies (United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative). Even so, they are improving. Programs such as the United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative Partnership Forum (as their website shows) are working to ensure that girls are being educated as well as boys. Figure 3 shows that there is still a difference between girls' and boys' education, but according to the site, “Uganda continues to makes significant strides towards achieving universal primary education, and the national policy now provides free education for all children" (United Nations Girls' Education Initiative Partnership Forum). They will hopefully continue to improve.
Figure 2. (Hudson, Caprioli, Emmett, McDermott, Stearmer & Ballif-Spanvill, 2010)
Politically, many Ugandan women are involved and according to many people’s standards, they are among the most advanced in the world. In Uganda, women have the right to be involved politically and at a legal/governmental level, they are not hindered in any way as the Uganda Women's Network makes clear. Every citizen, including women, can vote in Uganda (Uganda Women's Network, pg. 3, 2010). However, voting is just the start for some women. Some Ugandan women have been very involved in the political process and leadership. For example, according to the National Women’s Council, “one third of local government posts were earmarked for women in all councils.” At a national level, at least 30% of Uganda’s parliament was comprised of women and there were many national positions that women have had including vice president, Deputy Chief Justice, Deputy Speaker of Parliament and Deputy Inspector-General of Police (National Women’s Council,Legal). From these facts alone, it can be seen that women have really jumped into politics in Uganda. Figure 3 illustrates this process even more-Uganda (circled) is, I believe, the only country in the world that has “40-50% of women in Parliament" (Hudson, Caprioli, Emmett, McDermott, Stearmer & Ballif-Spanvill, 2010).
Figure 3. (Hudson, Caprioli, Emmett, McDermott, Stearmer & Ballif-Spanvill, 2010)
Figure 3. (Hudson, Caprioli, Emmett, McDermott, Stearmer & Ballif-Spanvill, 2010)
However, not all women are involved. Even though the avenues are open to them legally, there are cultural norms that prevent women from doing things like voting according to the Uganda Women's Network (2010, pg. 4-5). While not all of these hindrances are bad, some of them could be restrictive. Overall then, there are many legal and political avenues open to Ugandan women but not all are as invovled as they could be.
After looking at the areas of women’s safety, education, and political involvement, we’ve been given a glimpse into the status of women in Uganda. Women’s safety ranks the worst with disease, violence, and other such dangerous issues plaguing the country. Uganda is improving in educating its girls with such programs as the United Nations Girl’s Education Initiative. Lastly, they are the most advanced, according to the culture's norms, in the area of politics. The status of women in Uganda obviously needs improvment in some areas and according to some opinions, would need it in others as well. Even so, most would say that they are heading in the right direction.
After looking at the areas of women’s safety, education, and political involvement, we’ve been given a glimpse into the status of women in Uganda. Women’s safety ranks the worst with disease, violence, and other such dangerous issues plaguing the country. Uganda is improving in educating its girls with such programs as the United Nations Girl’s Education Initiative. Lastly, they are the most advanced, according to the culture's norms, in the area of politics. The status of women in Uganda obviously needs improvment in some areas and according to some opinions, would need it in others as well. Even so, most would say that they are heading in the right direction.
Predominant religions in uganda
An Anglican church in Uganda. The Anglican religion, a denomination of Christianity is very popular in Uganda (Uganda-religions, 2013).
http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/uganda/ug02_04a.jpg
1) Christianity
66%
Two main sects-Anglican (33%) and Catholicism (33%) (Uganda-religions, 2013).
Anglican
1. For the most part, the first time Christianity appeared on the scene in Uganda was around 1877 when missionaries came to the country. Christianity first took root in Buganda, the kingdom that ruled the western part of Uganda. The missionaries preached the gospel to the rulers in what was then Buganda and western Uganda, and many believed. Here, Christianity did and has continued to be strongest. It then spread to the east and to other parts of the country. While not all sections of Uganda are Christian, the starting point began in Buganda, around western/southern Uganda and spread from there (Ward, 1999).
2. According to Ward (1999), the prescence and popularity of Christianity in Uganda affected the country's development in many areas. The article states that the wide acceptance of Christianity played five important roles in the country. 1) Christinaity encouraged and furthered literacy in the country. Ward claims this is one of the reasons for religion's wide acceptance in the country. This was further encouraged by education 2) In the 1890s, the Anglican Christian Missionary Society began to set up a system of education in Uganda. Beginning with elementary level, they continued to add higher levels of education for each village in the country. As will be seen, the Catholic church contributed to this as well. Education did not remain under the authority of missions forever; however, they played an instrumental part in setting up the system (Ward, 1999). If you were of the Anglican faith, you were most likely educated in the schools they had set up. 3) The medical needs in Uganda began to be met by the Anglicans-a hospital was established in 1897. The founders, Albert and Kathleen Cook, also played a large part in medical research and training in Uganda (Ward, 1991). 4) Christinaity also affected the formation of Uganda society and culture by strongly encouraging farming, especially the farming of cotton. In addition, they strived to teach the Ugandans many values of the modern world including "cleanliness" and "discipline" (Ward, 1991). 5) Ward writes that "Christianity also played a complex and and many times divisive role, helping to aggravate old tensions and create new ones" (Ward, 1999). Specific political parties were many times being shaped by religion creating a deep division in the government of the country. Of course, as could be surmised from the fact that Christianity was very popular in Uganda is that Christianity affected the development of Uganda's worldview and cultures. While those who weren't as highly exposed to Christianity developed their own beliefs about the world around them and the gods are were in control, Christianity gave them a worldview in which they worshiped and served one God worthy of their worship. Overall, Christianity had a huge impact on the development of both the culture and society in Uganda as can be seen.
3. In the religion of Christianity, there aren't any specific sacred places. Jerusalem (not in the country) is considered special by some; however, it is not instrumental in the religion. Churches may serve as an area of gathering and worship, but for most Christians, worship can happen anywhere at any time of day.
4. Although there are no "official" associations between religion and government in Uganda, it seems that there are some close ties between the two (Ward, 1999). The Anglican Church has some definite influences on Uganda government, some parties being made entirely of a specific religion. In addition, some high positions in the church also had a high level of influence in government as well. So, the government and the church in Uganda influence each other; however, the ties between church and state are not "official" (Ward, 1999).
2) Catholicism
1. On Feb. 7, 1897, Catholics made their first appearance on the scene in Uganda. They, just as the Christians, came to the region controlled by Buganda, approximately in the southwest region of the country. However, the missionaries, called the White Fathers, moved on from Uganda soon after they had arrived. Even though their leaders had left, Catholicism continued to flourish in Uganda, though not on as much as Christianity. In addition, Ward notes that the influence of Catholicism continued, with Catholics teaching "pages and neophytes" (Ward, 1999).
2. Just like the Anglican Christian Missionary Society, Catholicism made a large contribution to the development of society in Uganda in many of the same areas. Catholics played a large part in the educational, medical, economical and political developments in Uganda (Ward, 1991; Lugira, 1999). Educationally, a speech made by Professor Lugira points to the tremendous contribution the Catholics had to education alongside the Anglican Church Missionary Society. His words best describe their many contributions. He said, " In the area of education the Catholic Church in Uganda has shouldered the leadership of establishing educational facilities at all levels including the numerous primary schools, secondary schools and tertiary institutions of education which are exemplified by the existence of Catholic founded colleges, seminaries and the Uganda Martyrs University at Nkozi in Uganda." Just as Anglicanism, if you were of the Catholic faith, you were most likely educated in the Catholic schools. In the area of medicine, Ward notes that the Catholics "excelled in the establishment of local dispensaries" (Ward, 1991). After noting that the Anglican CMS promoted cotton and the economy in Uganda, he also makes the tribute to the Catholic's contribution. Various other instances can point to some Catholic's individual contributions to society. So, again, the presence of Catholicism in Uganda brought about many advances and affected Uganda's development in a very real way.
3. According to catholicism.org, the most sacred places for Catholics are the sanctuaries where they worship and have communion. In addition there are some shrines, which some Catholics consider holy including Chartres (France) and Our Lady of Guadelupe (Mexico) (Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, 2004). While there are no shrines in Uganda, any sanctuaries in Uganda would be held as important or sacred by the Catholics. However, overall, there are worshipped or vital holy places, especially not in the sense of the Muslims (Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, 2004).
4. See the 4th paragraph under the Anglican section of Christianity.
3) Islam
16% (Uganda-religions, 2013).
1. Islam arrived in 1823 in northern Uganda, and later to Buganda in 1844. Islam was at first widely accepted-it was even set up as the religion of Uganda from around 1856-1889 (Kateregga, 2012). Although Islam had this early influence in Uganda, Christianity virtually replaced Islam as the country's major religion. Nevertheless, some Muslim converts remained and Islam has remained a minority percentage of the major religions of Uganda ever since. Even so, their level of influence will never be the same as it was at first (Kateregga, 2012).
2. According to Ward (1991), Islam laid the foundation for literacy and an interest in books in Uganda. However, because Christianity replaced Islam in many areas, it seems that Islam's influence was almost entirely diminished. Because they were now a minority, the Muslims had little say in politics and did not have many opportunities to influence the country. According to Kaderegga (2012), the Muslim convert's children did not wish to participate in the schools early in Uganda's history (being under the authority of the Christians and Catholics), and this led to them being a lower class of society. These are just some examples of what those of Islamic religion were excluded from. Being in this minority position, the Muslims had little infleunce over the development of society (Kaderegga, 2012).
3. In Islam, the main revered and sacred place is Ka'abah, located in Mecca. This was, according to the Muslims, created by Abraham as a place of worship. Those are able are, in the Islam religion, supposed to make a pilgrimage there every year. (Information Office of the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia) Although their major holy site is not within the country, it would have a significant impact on the Muslim citizens who may make an effort to go there.
4. Islam was once established as the religion of Buganda. However, when Christianity appeared and took root, this influence and status diminished entirely (Kateregga, 2012). See #4 in the Christianity section for more information.
The other 18%...
The rest of the religions in Uganda include the following:
Hinduism
Judaism
Mormonism
Tribal religions
Seventh Day Adventist
Baha'is
(Uganda-religions, 2013)
Sources
Information Office of the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. (n.d.). Understanding islam. Retrieved from http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/Islam/understanding_Islam.aspx_
Kateregga, B. (2012, August 13). Islam in uganda. Retrieved from http://www.uamalink.org/PHPMelody/article.php? c=Uganda&page=1
Lugira, A. (n.d.). The catholic church and development in uganda. Retrieved from https://www2.bc.edu/aloysius-lugira/churchdev.htm
Slaves of the Immaculate Slaves of the Heart of Mary. (2004). Holy places. Retrieved from http://catholicism.org/category/holy-places?doing_wp_cron=1364069925.7088210582733154296875
Uganda-religions. In (2013). Encyclopedia of the Nations. Advameg, Inc. Retrieved from http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Uganda-RELIGIONS.html
Ward, K. (1991). A history of christianity in uganda. Retrieved from http://www.dacb.org/history/a history of christianity in uganda.html
66%
Two main sects-Anglican (33%) and Catholicism (33%) (Uganda-religions, 2013).
Anglican
1. For the most part, the first time Christianity appeared on the scene in Uganda was around 1877 when missionaries came to the country. Christianity first took root in Buganda, the kingdom that ruled the western part of Uganda. The missionaries preached the gospel to the rulers in what was then Buganda and western Uganda, and many believed. Here, Christianity did and has continued to be strongest. It then spread to the east and to other parts of the country. While not all sections of Uganda are Christian, the starting point began in Buganda, around western/southern Uganda and spread from there (Ward, 1999).
2. According to Ward (1999), the prescence and popularity of Christianity in Uganda affected the country's development in many areas. The article states that the wide acceptance of Christianity played five important roles in the country. 1) Christinaity encouraged and furthered literacy in the country. Ward claims this is one of the reasons for religion's wide acceptance in the country. This was further encouraged by education 2) In the 1890s, the Anglican Christian Missionary Society began to set up a system of education in Uganda. Beginning with elementary level, they continued to add higher levels of education for each village in the country. As will be seen, the Catholic church contributed to this as well. Education did not remain under the authority of missions forever; however, they played an instrumental part in setting up the system (Ward, 1999). If you were of the Anglican faith, you were most likely educated in the schools they had set up. 3) The medical needs in Uganda began to be met by the Anglicans-a hospital was established in 1897. The founders, Albert and Kathleen Cook, also played a large part in medical research and training in Uganda (Ward, 1991). 4) Christinaity also affected the formation of Uganda society and culture by strongly encouraging farming, especially the farming of cotton. In addition, they strived to teach the Ugandans many values of the modern world including "cleanliness" and "discipline" (Ward, 1991). 5) Ward writes that "Christianity also played a complex and and many times divisive role, helping to aggravate old tensions and create new ones" (Ward, 1999). Specific political parties were many times being shaped by religion creating a deep division in the government of the country. Of course, as could be surmised from the fact that Christianity was very popular in Uganda is that Christianity affected the development of Uganda's worldview and cultures. While those who weren't as highly exposed to Christianity developed their own beliefs about the world around them and the gods are were in control, Christianity gave them a worldview in which they worshiped and served one God worthy of their worship. Overall, Christianity had a huge impact on the development of both the culture and society in Uganda as can be seen.
3. In the religion of Christianity, there aren't any specific sacred places. Jerusalem (not in the country) is considered special by some; however, it is not instrumental in the religion. Churches may serve as an area of gathering and worship, but for most Christians, worship can happen anywhere at any time of day.
4. Although there are no "official" associations between religion and government in Uganda, it seems that there are some close ties between the two (Ward, 1999). The Anglican Church has some definite influences on Uganda government, some parties being made entirely of a specific religion. In addition, some high positions in the church also had a high level of influence in government as well. So, the government and the church in Uganda influence each other; however, the ties between church and state are not "official" (Ward, 1999).
2) Catholicism
1. On Feb. 7, 1897, Catholics made their first appearance on the scene in Uganda. They, just as the Christians, came to the region controlled by Buganda, approximately in the southwest region of the country. However, the missionaries, called the White Fathers, moved on from Uganda soon after they had arrived. Even though their leaders had left, Catholicism continued to flourish in Uganda, though not on as much as Christianity. In addition, Ward notes that the influence of Catholicism continued, with Catholics teaching "pages and neophytes" (Ward, 1999).
2. Just like the Anglican Christian Missionary Society, Catholicism made a large contribution to the development of society in Uganda in many of the same areas. Catholics played a large part in the educational, medical, economical and political developments in Uganda (Ward, 1991; Lugira, 1999). Educationally, a speech made by Professor Lugira points to the tremendous contribution the Catholics had to education alongside the Anglican Church Missionary Society. His words best describe their many contributions. He said, " In the area of education the Catholic Church in Uganda has shouldered the leadership of establishing educational facilities at all levels including the numerous primary schools, secondary schools and tertiary institutions of education which are exemplified by the existence of Catholic founded colleges, seminaries and the Uganda Martyrs University at Nkozi in Uganda." Just as Anglicanism, if you were of the Catholic faith, you were most likely educated in the Catholic schools. In the area of medicine, Ward notes that the Catholics "excelled in the establishment of local dispensaries" (Ward, 1991). After noting that the Anglican CMS promoted cotton and the economy in Uganda, he also makes the tribute to the Catholic's contribution. Various other instances can point to some Catholic's individual contributions to society. So, again, the presence of Catholicism in Uganda brought about many advances and affected Uganda's development in a very real way.
3. According to catholicism.org, the most sacred places for Catholics are the sanctuaries where they worship and have communion. In addition there are some shrines, which some Catholics consider holy including Chartres (France) and Our Lady of Guadelupe (Mexico) (Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, 2004). While there are no shrines in Uganda, any sanctuaries in Uganda would be held as important or sacred by the Catholics. However, overall, there are worshipped or vital holy places, especially not in the sense of the Muslims (Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, 2004).
4. See the 4th paragraph under the Anglican section of Christianity.
3) Islam
16% (Uganda-religions, 2013).
1. Islam arrived in 1823 in northern Uganda, and later to Buganda in 1844. Islam was at first widely accepted-it was even set up as the religion of Uganda from around 1856-1889 (Kateregga, 2012). Although Islam had this early influence in Uganda, Christianity virtually replaced Islam as the country's major religion. Nevertheless, some Muslim converts remained and Islam has remained a minority percentage of the major religions of Uganda ever since. Even so, their level of influence will never be the same as it was at first (Kateregga, 2012).
2. According to Ward (1991), Islam laid the foundation for literacy and an interest in books in Uganda. However, because Christianity replaced Islam in many areas, it seems that Islam's influence was almost entirely diminished. Because they were now a minority, the Muslims had little say in politics and did not have many opportunities to influence the country. According to Kaderegga (2012), the Muslim convert's children did not wish to participate in the schools early in Uganda's history (being under the authority of the Christians and Catholics), and this led to them being a lower class of society. These are just some examples of what those of Islamic religion were excluded from. Being in this minority position, the Muslims had little infleunce over the development of society (Kaderegga, 2012).
3. In Islam, the main revered and sacred place is Ka'abah, located in Mecca. This was, according to the Muslims, created by Abraham as a place of worship. Those are able are, in the Islam religion, supposed to make a pilgrimage there every year. (Information Office of the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia) Although their major holy site is not within the country, it would have a significant impact on the Muslim citizens who may make an effort to go there.
4. Islam was once established as the religion of Buganda. However, when Christianity appeared and took root, this influence and status diminished entirely (Kateregga, 2012). See #4 in the Christianity section for more information.
The other 18%...
The rest of the religions in Uganda include the following:
Hinduism
Judaism
Mormonism
Tribal religions
Seventh Day Adventist
Baha'is
(Uganda-religions, 2013)
Sources
Information Office of the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. (n.d.). Understanding islam. Retrieved from http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/Islam/understanding_Islam.aspx_
Kateregga, B. (2012, August 13). Islam in uganda. Retrieved from http://www.uamalink.org/PHPMelody/article.php? c=Uganda&page=1
Lugira, A. (n.d.). The catholic church and development in uganda. Retrieved from https://www2.bc.edu/aloysius-lugira/churchdev.htm
Slaves of the Immaculate Slaves of the Heart of Mary. (2004). Holy places. Retrieved from http://catholicism.org/category/holy-places?doing_wp_cron=1364069925.7088210582733154296875
Uganda-religions. In (2013). Encyclopedia of the Nations. Advameg, Inc. Retrieved from http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Uganda-RELIGIONS.html
Ward, K. (1991). A history of christianity in uganda. Retrieved from http://www.dacb.org/history/a history of christianity in uganda.html
Cultural Diversity in Uganda
According to Tumusiime, “Uganda is one of the African countries with the richest cultural diversity and heritage.” Although Uganda may have significant cultural diversity and a strong background, how much has been preserved? To what amount has Uganda’s cultures suffered from assimilation and globalization? Is there anything being done to fight against or reverse these effects? These issues will be explored and questions answered by looking first at Ugandan cultural diversity, its history and changes, and then at efforts (or lack of them) to preserve the cultures in Uganda.
The Uganda Embassy notes, “Uganda has 65 indigenous communities…representing Uganda’s diverse cultural heritage" (2006). These Ugandan cultures are distinct and unique, as shown by the “linguistic diversity,” arts such as dance, art, music, and more (Uganda Embassy, 2006). Many of these cultures are supported and organized with tribes (sometimes led by chiefs), and families (Uganda Embassy, 2006). The many Ugandan cultures give the country a colorful and diverse flavor and distinctiveness. Although cultural diversity has existed and continues to exist in Uganda, its preservation has not been without challenges, and these challenges have hindered some of the diversity from being preserved.
The Uganda Embassy notes, “Uganda has 65 indigenous communities…representing Uganda’s diverse cultural heritage" (2006). These Ugandan cultures are distinct and unique, as shown by the “linguistic diversity,” arts such as dance, art, music, and more (Uganda Embassy, 2006). Many of these cultures are supported and organized with tribes (sometimes led by chiefs), and families (Uganda Embassy, 2006). The many Ugandan cultures give the country a colorful and diverse flavor and distinctiveness. Although cultural diversity has existed and continues to exist in Uganda, its preservation has not been without challenges, and these challenges have hindered some of the diversity from being preserved.
According to the Uganda Embassy, in parts of the 19th and 20th centuries when Uganda was a colony, some portions of culture were put down and the overall structure was “undermined" (2006). Nevertheless, some cultures sought to preserve their culture throughout the rule of foreign powers. Eventually, these foreign powers sought to promote Ugandan culture through a program called “Information, Education and Community Development (Uganda Embassy, 2006). Once independence came to Uganda, the new government continued to promote culture although the government banned cultures’ political institution (the ban was eventually raised, however). The promotion and encouragement continues today. Obviously, there were some changes made to the cultural diversity during Uganda’s time as a colony. A quote from Tumusiime notes this, “Uganda suffered the widespread denigration of its culture and value system’s, and even long after independence the scars from this protracted assault are still obvious.” Although Uganda culture hasn't been without weakening or discouragement, it seems that a large portion of it has been preserved. From both sources, it seems that the most recent change has been the turn toward true appreciation for cultures (Tumusiime & Uganda Embassy, 2006).
Quickly, we will touch on and take a glimpse at the efforts underway to continue to promote cultural preservation in Uganda. Uganda has many initiatives and goals toward preserving the country’s cultural diversity. The Uganda Constituion and many other laws have been enacted toward this end; however, the most aggressive policy, the National Culture Policy, shows to what great lengths Uganda is going to ensure the country’s continued cultural preservation. Their mission is, “to promote culture and enhance its contribution to community empowerment,” and one of their “objectives is to promote and strengthen Uganda’s diverse cultural identities” (Uganda Embassy, 2006). The policy is extensive including fostering “cultural industries” and bringing “indigenous knowledge” (Uganda Embassy, 2006). While some, including Tumusiime, believe that this is just the beginning, the country is nevertheless off to a big start.
By looking at cultural diversity, its history and changes, and governmental efforts to preserve it, it can be seen that cultural diversity is almost thriving. Although it has been opposed and weakened in the past, what was left seems to have been maintained.
By looking at cultural diversity, its history and changes, and governmental efforts to preserve it, it can be seen that cultural diversity is almost thriving. Although it has been opposed and weakened in the past, what was left seems to have been maintained.
food in uganda-an important aspect of ugandan culture
Food is an important aspect of any culture and each culture's cuisine is unique. We will briefly explore Ugandan food by looking at the most common items (and where they come from), some popular dishes, and a recipe of just one of the many popular Ugandan dishes.
Some dishes that Ugandans enjoy frequently include "meat or chicken stews...served with rice, chapatti, ugali (a stiff maize porridge), or (matoke)" (Our Africa). Fish is also very popular. Many times, their food, like matooke, is cooked in banana leaves. The Uganda Travel Guide records, "Tender banana tree shoots are removed from the plant and singed over fire to make a fine foil" They cite this method of cooking as being very effective. Much, though not all, of Ugandan food is from local sources. There are a variety of rivers and lakes which supply a variety of fish (uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com). In addition, many crops, including plantains, cassava, sweet potatoes, millet, sorghum, corn, beans and groundnuts are grown directly in Uganda and have become popular foods in the country (Byrnes, 1990). Fruits and vegetables also make their way onto Uganda plates and into Ugandan dishes (uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com). According to the uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com, many fruits are grown in Uganda, boosted by fruit imports from nearby countries (such as Kenya). As for drinks, tea, coffee (both grown in Uganda), and soda are popular. Although in most cultures food plays important religious roles, it does not seem that food in Uganda is held as sacred or is a part of any religion for most people. The only hint that this might be case was when an article mentioned that a type of mushroom was a part of many rituals (uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com). However, I don't think that food plays any part in religious rituals for the majority of people in Uganda, especially since most of them are either Christian, Catholic or Muslim. Uganda has created an unique cuisine that flowed from its culture and the natural resources found in the country. Exploring it gives us get another perspective into how the Ugandan people live.
Here are some examples (in pictures) of these foods and dishes that can be found in Uganda.
Some dishes that Ugandans enjoy frequently include "meat or chicken stews...served with rice, chapatti, ugali (a stiff maize porridge), or (matoke)" (Our Africa). Fish is also very popular. Many times, their food, like matooke, is cooked in banana leaves. The Uganda Travel Guide records, "Tender banana tree shoots are removed from the plant and singed over fire to make a fine foil" They cite this method of cooking as being very effective. Much, though not all, of Ugandan food is from local sources. There are a variety of rivers and lakes which supply a variety of fish (uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com). In addition, many crops, including plantains, cassava, sweet potatoes, millet, sorghum, corn, beans and groundnuts are grown directly in Uganda and have become popular foods in the country (Byrnes, 1990). Fruits and vegetables also make their way onto Uganda plates and into Ugandan dishes (uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com). According to the uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com, many fruits are grown in Uganda, boosted by fruit imports from nearby countries (such as Kenya). As for drinks, tea, coffee (both grown in Uganda), and soda are popular. Although in most cultures food plays important religious roles, it does not seem that food in Uganda is held as sacred or is a part of any religion for most people. The only hint that this might be case was when an article mentioned that a type of mushroom was a part of many rituals (uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com). However, I don't think that food plays any part in religious rituals for the majority of people in Uganda, especially since most of them are either Christian, Catholic or Muslim. Uganda has created an unique cuisine that flowed from its culture and the natural resources found in the country. Exploring it gives us get another perspective into how the Ugandan people live.
Here are some examples (in pictures) of these foods and dishes that can be found in Uganda.
recipe of a popular ugandan dish, luwombo
Luwombo
(uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com)
According to Uganda Travel Guide, "the best traditional food" in Uganda.
Taken from Uganda Travel Guide,
http://www.uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com/uganda-luwombo-recipe.html
"Ingredients:
•1 kg beef, chicken or pork (or any combination) cut into serving-sized pieces
•800g peanut butter
•2 onions, chopped
•4 tomatoes, chopped
•1 chicken stock cube
•Salt and black pepper, to taste
•Banana leaves or large dock leaf or greaseproof paper (one per serving)
•400g mushrooms, cleaned
•1 smoked fish
•4 plantains
Preparation of Uganda Luwombo Recipe
1. Cook the meat in an oiled frying pan until browned but not cooked then remove and set aside.
2. Heat a teaspoon of oil in a saucepan then add the onion and cook for a minute before adding the tomatoes, chicken stock cube, salt, pepper, peanut butter and the flesh from the smoked fish. If necessary add a little water to form a smooth sauce. Cook to heat through.
3. Plunge the banana leaves in boiling water to soften them remove the mid-rib and cut the ends off the leaves to form rectangles. Place a portion of meat and some of the tomato-onion sauce (and mushrooms and smoked meat or fish, if desired) in the centre of a leaf.
4. Fold the leaf from the sides then wrap from the ends to make at least a double layer. Tie into a package with oven-proof string then repeat until all the mixture is used up.
5. Place a wire rack or trivet in the bottom of a large casserole dish then add water to the bottom of the trivet. Place the meat packages on top of the trivet and cover the dish. Bring to a boil and steam the packets for at least an hour. Add the plantains to the pot as well.
6. Remove the plantains from the pot and mash with a fork. Top with the meat and sauce from the banana leaves and serve."
Taken from Uganda Travel Guide,
http://www.uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com/uganda-luwombo-recipe.html
"Ingredients:
•1 kg beef, chicken or pork (or any combination) cut into serving-sized pieces
•800g peanut butter
•2 onions, chopped
•4 tomatoes, chopped
•1 chicken stock cube
•Salt and black pepper, to taste
•Banana leaves or large dock leaf or greaseproof paper (one per serving)
•400g mushrooms, cleaned
•1 smoked fish
•4 plantains
Preparation of Uganda Luwombo Recipe
1. Cook the meat in an oiled frying pan until browned but not cooked then remove and set aside.
2. Heat a teaspoon of oil in a saucepan then add the onion and cook for a minute before adding the tomatoes, chicken stock cube, salt, pepper, peanut butter and the flesh from the smoked fish. If necessary add a little water to form a smooth sauce. Cook to heat through.
3. Plunge the banana leaves in boiling water to soften them remove the mid-rib and cut the ends off the leaves to form rectangles. Place a portion of meat and some of the tomato-onion sauce (and mushrooms and smoked meat or fish, if desired) in the centre of a leaf.
4. Fold the leaf from the sides then wrap from the ends to make at least a double layer. Tie into a package with oven-proof string then repeat until all the mixture is used up.
5. Place a wire rack or trivet in the bottom of a large casserole dish then add water to the bottom of the trivet. Place the meat packages on top of the trivet and cover the dish. Bring to a boil and steam the packets for at least an hour. Add the plantains to the pot as well.
6. Remove the plantains from the pot and mash with a fork. Top with the meat and sauce from the banana leaves and serve."
More information on ugandan culture...
Ugandan Culture-The Library of Congress's Country Study of Uganda yields great insights and information into many important asepcts of Uganda culture, including education, the economy, belief systems, government, and more. The only drawback is that some of the information is dated. However, it is still a helpful resource: http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html
Uganda Art-These sites give a taste of Ugandan art, showing different forms of art prevalent in Uganda
www.ugandaart.com
theugandamasters.com
Ugandan Men and Women roles: This website clearly explains how men and women are viewed in Ugandan society. It is a very helpful in gaining a basic understanding of this topic.
http://www.childhoodmag.com/library/uganda-family-life.pdf
Local Ugandan Newspaper: Exploring this website of a local Ugandan newspaper gave give direct glimpses into how culture in Uganda is played out everyday: http://www.monitor.co.ug/
Uganda Art-These sites give a taste of Ugandan art, showing different forms of art prevalent in Uganda
www.ugandaart.com
theugandamasters.com
Ugandan Men and Women roles: This website clearly explains how men and women are viewed in Ugandan society. It is a very helpful in gaining a basic understanding of this topic.
http://www.childhoodmag.com/library/uganda-family-life.pdf
Local Ugandan Newspaper: Exploring this website of a local Ugandan newspaper gave give direct glimpses into how culture in Uganda is played out everyday: http://www.monitor.co.ug/
Sources for statistics section and women's rights papers
fidh. (2012, March 6). Retrieved from http://www.fidh.org/Women-s-rights-in-Uganda-gaps
Fsd: Foundation for sustainable development. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.fsdinternational.org/country/uganda/weissues
Gapminder, . 2008. n.p. Web. 20 Feb 2013
Hudson, V. M., Caprioli, M., Emmett, C., McDermott, R., Stearmer, S. M., & Ballif-Spanvill, B. (2010).womanstatz.org. Retrieved from http://womanstats.org/mapEntrez.htm
National Women's Council (2012). Legal and policy framework and leadership. Retrieved from http://nwcuganda.org/index.php/achievements/legal-a-policy-framework.html
National Women's Council (2012). Reproductive Health, RIghts, and Responsibilities. Retrieved from http://nwcuganda.org/index.php/achievements/reproductive-health.html
National Women's Council. (2012). The social and economic empowerment of women. Retrieved from http://nwcuganda.org/index.php/achievements/social-a-economic-empowerment.html
Uganda women's network. (2010). Making women politically relevant in. Retrieved from http://www.uwonet.or.ug/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/05/ENGLISH.pdf
United Nations Girls' Education Initiative. (n.d.). United nations girls' education initiative. Retrieved from http://www.ungei.org/infobycountry/uganda.html
Sources for cultural diversity paper
Just Food Cuisine. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.justfoodnow.com/2009/11/02/cuisine-along-the-white-nile-uganda/
Tumusiime, J. (n.d.). Uganda's development: Is culture holding us back? . Retrieved from http://www.crossculturalfoundation.or.ug/Downloads/james_tumusiime_presentation_is_culture_holding_us_back.pdf
Uganda Embassy. Ministry of Gender, Labour, and Social Development, (2006). The uganda national culture policy. Retrieved from website: http://www.ugandaembassy.com/Uganda _National_Culture_Policy.pdf
Tumusiime, J. (n.d.). Uganda's development: Is culture holding us back? . Retrieved from http://www.crossculturalfoundation.or.ug/Downloads/james_tumusiime_presentation_is_culture_holding_us_back.pdf
Uganda Embassy. Ministry of Gender, Labour, and Social Development, (2006). The uganda national culture policy. Retrieved from website: http://www.ugandaembassy.com/Uganda _National_Culture_Policy.pdf
sources for food information, pictures and recipe
Byrnes, R. M. (1990). Retrieved from http://countrystudies.us/uganda/43.htm
Our Africa. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.our-africa.org/uganda/food-daily-lifeUganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com/uganda-food.html
uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com. (n.d.). How to prepare uganda luwombo recipe. Retrieved from http://www.uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com/uganda-luwombo-recipe.html
Our Africa. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.our-africa.org/uganda/food-daily-lifeUganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com/uganda-food.html
uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com. (n.d.). How to prepare uganda luwombo recipe. Retrieved from http://www.uganda-visit-and-travel-guide.com/uganda-luwombo-recipe.html